View source for Help:Citation Style 1

{{Short description|Help page for citation templates}}
{{Wikipedia how to|WP:CS1|HELP:CS1}}
{{Nutshell|This is an introductory how-to for Wikipedia's most frequently used citation style. It does not cover every option of every citation template. See individual templates' documentation (e.g. at [[Template:Cite journal]]) for details beyond this basic cheatsheet.}}
{{notice|image=Gnome-applications-science.svg|This help page has {{subpages|testcases|Help:Citation Style 1}} demonstrating various uses.}}
'''Citation Style 1''' ('''CS1''') is a collection of [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|reference citation]] [[Help:Template|templates]] that can be modified to create different styles for different referenced materials. Its purpose is to provide a set of default formats for references on Wikipedia. It includes a series of templates that in turn use [[Module:Citation/CS1]].

The use of CS1 or of templates is not compulsory; per [[WP:CITESTYLE]]:

<blockquote>Wikipedia does not have a single [[style guide|house style]]. Editors may choose any option they want; one article need not match what is done in other articles or what is done in professional publications or recommended by academic [[style guide]]s. However, citations ''within a given article'' should follow a consistent style.</blockquote>

[[WP:CITEVAR]] additionally states:

{{quote|If the article you are editing is already using a particular citation style, you should follow it; if you believe it is inappropriate for the needs of the article, seek consensus for a change on the talk page.}}

CS1 uses (in addition to Wikipedia's own [[WP:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) elements of ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' and the ''[[Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association]]'', with significant adaptations.

==Style==
There are a number of templates that use a name starting with ''cite''; many were developed independently of CS1 and are not compliant with the CS1 style. There are also a number of templates that use one of the general use templates as a meta-template to cite a specific source.

To be compliant with CS1, a template must:
* Use [[Module:Citation/CS1]] or one of the templates listed below.
* Use a period as a punctuation mark to separate fields and end the citation.
* Use a semicolon as a punctuation mark to separate authors and editors.
* Format the title of longer works in italics.
* Format the title of short works such as chapters in quotes.

==Templates==
===General use===
The following is a list of templates that implement Citation Style 1 for one or more types of citations but are not restricted to any specific source.
{| class="wikitable" style="max-width:55em;"
!scope="row" {{Yes}}
| Indicates that the corresponding tool or gadget can generate the template anytime user wishes. However, this does not mean that the tool or gadget fully supports all parameters or provides an interface for them. In fact, none of the mentioned items do so.
|-
!scope="row" {{Partial|Sometimes}}
| Indicates that the corresponding tool or gadget may or may not generate the corresponding template. For more information, see associated footnote.
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ General-use CS1 templates
!scope="col"| Template
!scope="col"| Use
!scope="col"| [[Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library/Citoid|Citoid]]
!scope="col"| [[WP:Citation expander|Citation expander]]
!scope="col"| [[WP:RefToolbar/2.0|RefToolbar 2.0]]
!scope="col"| [[Wikipedia:ProveIt|ProveIt]]
!scope="col"| [[User:Odie5533/SnipManager|SnipManager]] 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite arXiv}}
| [[arXiv]] preprints || || ||  || || 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite AV media}}
| audio and visual sources || || ||  || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite AV media notes}}
| liner notes from albums, DVDs, CDs and similar audio-visual media || || ||  || || 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite book}}
| books || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite conference}}
| conference papers || || ||  || {{Yes}} || 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite encyclopedia}}
| edited collections || || ||  || {{Yes}} || 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite episode}}
| television or radio programs and episodes || || ||  || {{Yes}} || 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite interview}}
| interviews || || ||  || || 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite journal}}
| academic and scientific papers published in journals || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite magazine}}
| magazines and newsletters || || ||  || {{Yes}} || 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite mailing list}}
| archived public mailing lists || || ||  || || 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite map}}
| maps || || ||  || || 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite news}}
| news articles in print, video, audio or web || {{Yes}} || {{Partial|Sometimes}}<br />{{Elucidate}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite newsgroup}}
| online newsgroups || || ||  || || 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite podcast}}
| audio or video [[podcast]] || || ||  || || 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite press release}}
| press releases || || ||  || {{Yes}} || 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite report}}
| reports by government departments, instrumentalities, operated companies, etc. || || ||  || {{Yes}} ||  
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite serial}}
| audio or video serials || || ||  || ||  
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite sign}}
| signs, plaques and other visual sources || || ||  || {{Yes}} || 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite speech}}
| speeches || || ||  || || 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite techreport}}
| technical reports || || ||  || || 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite thesis}}
| theses || {{Yes}} || ||  || {{Yes}} || 
|-
!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite web}}
| web sources not characterized by another template || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} 
|}
{{notelist}}

===Specific source===
There are a number of templates that are CS1 compliant, because they use a CS1 template as a base, but are tied to a specific source; these are listed in [[:Category:Citation Style 1 specific-source templates]].

==How the templates work==
CS1 uses a series of templates that provide a consistent output. The main difference is in parameters optimized for the subject. For example, {{tl|cite book}} has fields for title and chapter, whereas {{tl|cite journal}} has fields for journal and title.

This help page uses the names most commonly used across the templates series; see each template's documentation for details.

CS1 templates present a citation generally as:
* With author:
:{{Cite journal |last=Author |date=n.d. |title=Title |work=Work |publisher=Publisher |id=Identifiers |no-tracking=yes}}
* Without author:
:{{Cite journal |date=n.d. |title=Title |work=Work |publisher=Publisher |id=Identifiers |no-tracking=yes}}
(where "n.d." could also be any other valid date formatted per the MOS)

===Authors===
An author may be cited using separate parameters for the author's surname and given name by using {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} respectively. If a cited source has multiple authors, subsequent authors can be listed in the citation using {{para|last2}} and {{para|first2}}, {{para|last3}} and {{para|first3}}, etc.<ref group="Note" name="NB_Unlimited">The number of authors that can be listed in the citation and displayed when published is unlimited.</ref> For symmetry with the other numbered parameters, {{para|last1}} and {{para|first1}} are available as well, as shown in the following example:

:<code><nowiki>{{cite book |last1=Hawking |first1=Stephen |last2=Hawking |first2=Lucy |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe}}</nowiki></code>

:{{cite book |last1=Hawking |first1=Stephen |last2=Hawking |first2=Lucy |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe}}

For symmetry with similar parameters for editors and other contributors (discussed further below), longer parameter forms are also available for authors: {{para|author-last}} and {{para|author-first}}, as well as numbered variants like {{para|author-last{{var|n}}}} and {{para|author-first{{var|n}}}} or {{para|author{{var|n}}-last}} and {{para|author{{var|n}}-first}} (with {{var|n}} referring to this author's number in the list). Because the shorthand parameters might erroneously have been used also for editors and other types of contributors by some Wikipedians in the past, please make sure that the parameters actually refer to authors when expanding {{para|last}} and {{para|first}} parameters to their longer equivalents (equivalent parameters for editors etc. exist as well, see [[#Editors|below]]).

If a cited source has a large number of authors, one can limit the number of authors displayed when the citation is published by using the {{para|display-authors}} parameter as described in detail in the [[Help:Citation Style 1#Display options|Display options]] section of this help page.

If a cited author is notable and the author has a Wikipedia article, the author's name can be linked with {{para|author-link}}.<ref group="Note" name="NB_Prefix">If the English Wikipedia does not have an article about the author, but an article is available in another language entity of Wikipedia or if a [[Wikidata]] node for this author exists already, you can prefix the link using that Wikipedia's [[Help:Interlanguage links|language prefix]] (similar to <code>:en:</code> for the English Wikipedia) in order to create an [[Help:Interlanguage links|interwiki link]]. The [[Help:Interwiki linking#Prefix codes for linking to Wikimedia sister projects|prefix]] for Wikidata nodes is <code>:d:</code> (or <code>:wikidata:</code>) to be followed by the Q''&lt;id>'' number of the corresponding entry. (<!-- Put in brackets because this seldomly applies to authors: -->Similar, [[Wikisource]] uses <code>:s:</code> (or <code>:wikisource:</code>), [[Wiktionary]] <code>:wikt:</code> (or <code>:wiktionary:</code>) and [[Wikimedia Commons|Commons]] <code>:c:</code> (or <code>:commons:</code>), followed by the corresponding article name.) Alternatively, if a suitable [[:m:Interwiki map|custom interwiki prefix]] is defined for another authority control repository, this can be used as well. For example, to link to an author's [[VIAF]] entry (with code <code>''&lt;id>''</code>), <code>:VIAF:''&lt;id>''</code> can be used, even if this would resolve to an independent external site. In the absence of a local article such links can help to at least establish a connection to a particular author and, if an article gets created in the English Wikipedia as well in the future, these links can be fixed up by bots to point to the local article instead.</ref> If a citation includes multiple notable authors, one may use {{para|author-link{{var|n}}}} or {{para|author{{var|n}}-link}}, etc. This method is used because the {{para|last}}- and {{para|first}}-type parameters do not allow wikilinking. However, {{para|author-link}} cannot be used to link to an external website; the external link will not render correctly.<ref group="Note" name="NB_Prefix"/> Below is an example of a wikilinked author credit:

:<code><nowiki>{{cite book |author-last1=Hawking |author-first1=Stephen |author-link1=Stephen Hawking |author-last2=Hawking |author-first2=Lucy |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe}}</nowiki></code>

:{{cite book |author-last1=Hawking |author-first1=Stephen |author-link1=Stephen Hawking |author-last2=Hawking |author-first2=Lucy |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe}}

When an author is cited, the date of the cited work is displayed after the author's name, as shown in the example below:

:<code><nowiki>{{cite book |author-last1=Hawking |author-first1=Stephen |author-link1=Stephen Hawking |author-last2=Hawking |author-first2=Lucy |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe |date=2007}}</nowiki></code>

:{{cite book |author-last1=Hawking |author-first1=Stephen |author-link1=Stephen Hawking |author-last2=Hawking |author-first2=Lucy |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe |date=2007}}

If no author is cited, the date appears after the title, as shown in the example below:

:<code><nowiki>{{cite book |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe |date=2007}}</nowiki></code>

:{{cite book |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe |date=2007}}

If the cited source does not credit an author, as is common with newswire reports, press releases or company websites use:

:{{para|author|<nowiki><!--Not stated--></nowiki>}}

This HTML comment alerts fact-checking and citation-fixing editors, and potentially bots, that the cited source did not name an author—the author was not overlooked. Without this entry editors and bots would waste time researching cited sources for a non-existent author credit.

When using {{para|author}} avoid citations like <code><nowiki>{{cite news |work=Weekday Times |author=''Weekday Times'' editors |title=...}}</nowiki></code>, unless the article is on a field in which the majority of professional journals covering that field use such a citation style.

Editors should use an {{para|author}} organizational citation when the cited source, such as a committee report, specifically names an official body or a sub-unit of the publisher as the collective author of the work, e.g. {{para|author|Commission on Headphone Safety}} or {{para|author|Rules Sub-committee}}. Do not use {{para|author}} to assert what you think was probably the collective author when the source itself does not specifically specify a collective author; doing so is [[WP:NOR|original research]] and falsification of [[WP:V|source verifiability]] and [[WP:RS|reliability]].

{{para|author}} should never hold the name of more than one author.  Separate individual authors into enumerated individual {{para|author{{var|n}}}} parameters.

===Editors===
An editor may be cited using separate parameters for the editor's last and first name. A single or first editor would use {{para|editor-last}} and {{para|editor-first}}; subsequent editors would use {{para|editor2-last}} and {{para|editor2-first}}, {{para|editor3-last}} and {{para|editor3-first}}, etc.

If an editor has a Wikipedia article, you may wikilink to that Wikipedia article using {{para|editor-link}}.<ref group="Note" name="NB_Prefix"/> If a cited work has multiple editors, you may use {{para|editor2-link}}, {{para|editor3-link}}, etc. to wikilink to each editor's Wikipedia article. This method is used because {{para|editor-last}} and {{para|editor-first}} do not allow wikilinking. {{para|editor-link}} cannot be used to link to an external website.

If a cited source has a large number of editors, one can limit the number of editors displayed when the citation is published using the {{para|display-editors}} parameter as described in detail in the [[Help:Citation Style 1#Display options|Display options]] section of this help page.

=== Translators ===
A translator may be cited using separate parameters for the translator's last and first name. A single or first translator would use {{para|translator-last}} and {{para|translator-first}}; subsequent translators would use {{para|translator2-last}} and {{para|translator2-first}}, {{para|translator3-last}} and {{para|translator3-first}}, etc.

If a translator has a Wikipedia article, you may wikilink to that Wikipedia article using {{para|translator-link}}.<ref group="Note" name="NB_Prefix"/> If a cited work has multiple translators, you may use {{para|translator2-link}}, {{para|translator3-link}}, etc. to wikilink to each translator's Wikipedia article. This method is used because {{para|translator-last}} and {{para|translator-first}} do not allow wikilinking. {{para|translator-link}} cannot be used to link to an external website.

===Others===
* '''others''': This parameter is used to credit contributors other than an author or an editor, such as an illustrator.  You should include both the type of contribution and the name of the contributor, for example {{para|others|Illustrated by John Smith}}.<ref group="Note" name="NB_Prefix"/>

===Dates===
Dates are indicated by these parameters:
* '''date''': Full date of publication edition being referenced, in the same format as other dates in citations in the same article. Must not be wikilinked.
** or: '''year''': Year of publication edition being referenced.  Discouraged in favor of '''date''', except in the rare case that {{em|all}} of the following conditions are met:
**#the publication-date format in the template is YYYY-MM-DD
**#the citation requires a <code>[[Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors|CITEREF]]</code> [[Template:Sfn#More than one work in a year|disambiguator]]
* '''orig-date''': Original publication date or year, for display (in square brackets) after the '''date''' (or '''year'''). For clarity, please supply specifics, for instance <code>|orig-date=first published 1859</code> or <code>|orig-date=composed 1904</code>. This parameter displays only if there is a value for '''date''' (or '''year'''). Alias: '''origyear'''.
When a source does not have a publication date, use {{para|date|n.d.}} or {{para|date|nd}}

Acceptable date formats are shown in the "Acceptable date formats" table of the {{section link|Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Dates, months and years}}. Further points:
* Prescriptions about date formats only apply when the date is expressed in terms of Julian or Gregorian dates, or which use one of the seasons (spring, summer, autumn or fall, winter). Sources are at liberty to use other ways of expressing dates, such as "spring/summer" or a date in a religious calendar; editors should report the date as expressed by the source. [[WP:SEASON|Although the seasons are not normally capitalized]], they are capitalized when used as dates in CS1 templates, and the capitalization of the season stated by the source may be altered to follow this convention. In cases where the date as expressed in the source is not compatible with the template software, the citation should be created without using a template.
* Do not wikilink.
* Access and archive dates in references should be in either the format used for [[MOS:DATEUNIFY|publication dates]], or YYYY-MM-DD.

====Date format compliance with Wikipedia's Manual of Style====
CS1 uses {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|Dates, months, and years}} ([[MOS:DATEFORMAT]]) as the reference for all date format checking performed by [[Module:Citation/CS1]].  For various reasons, CS1 is not fully compliant with MOS:DATEFORMAT. This table indicates CS1 compliance with the listed sections of MOS:DATEFORMAT.
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+CS1 compliance with [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]
!scope="col"| Section
!scope="col"| Compliant
!scope="col"| Comment
|-
!scope="row"| [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Acceptable date formats|Acceptable date formats table]]
| yes
| Exceptions: linked dates not supported;<br />sortable dates not supported ({{tlx|dts}} etc.);<br />proper name dates not supported with the exception of 'Easter YYYY' and 'Christmas YYYY';<br />shortened month names longer than three characters or with terminating periods not supported;<br />quarterly dates supported in the form 'First Quarter 2020'
|-
!scope="row"| [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Unacceptable date formats|Unacceptable date formats table]]
| yes
|
|-
!scope="row"| [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Consistency|Consistency]]
| yes<sup>{{dagger}}</sup>
|rowspan="3"| Article-level restrictions are beyond the scope of CS1<br /><sup>{{dagger}}</sup>CS1/CS2 templates follow the format specified by the article's {{tlx|use dmy dates}} or {{tlx|use mdy dates}} templates; see [[#Auto-formatting citation template dates|Auto-formatting citation template dates]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Strong national ties to a topic|Strong national ties to a topic]]
| no
|-
!scope="row"| [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Retaining existing format|Retaining existing format]]
| no
|-
!scope="row"| [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Era style|Era style]]
| no
|Dates earlier than 100 not supported. Wikipedia [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Say where you read it|does not]] treat ancient manuscripts as sources that can be cited directly; a specific, modern, published edition is what goes in the source citation. Thus, the date of the source actually consulted should be provided in {{para|date}}, and the date of the ancient source may be provided in {{para|orig-date}}; the format of the orig-date value is not checked for errors.
|-
!scope="row"| [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Julian and Gregorian calendars|Julian and Gregorian calendars]]
| limited
| Julian prior to 1582; Gregorian from 1582; assumes Gregorian in the overlap period of 1582 – c. 1923
|-
!scope="row"| [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Ranges|Ranges]]
| yes
| Exceptions: does not support the use of <code>&amp;ndash;</code> or <code>&amp;nbsp;</code><br />does not support dates prior to 100;<br />does not support solidus separator (/)<br />does not support " to " as a date separator<br />does not support YYYY–YY where the two-digit year is less than 13 (change to YYYY–YYYY to eliminate the error message)
|-
!scope="row"| [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates|Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate dates]]
| yes
| Exceptions: does not support {{tlx|circa}} or {{tlx|floruit}};<br />does not support dates prior to 100;<br />Supports <code>c. </code> only with a single year value (no ranges or day/month combinations).
|-
!scope="row"| [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Days of the week|Days of the week]]
| no
|
|-
!scope="row"| [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Seasons|Seasons]]
| limited
| CS1 capitalizes seasons used as dates in citations, in line with external style guides
|-
!scope="row"| [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Decades|Decades]]
| no
|
|-
!scope="row"| [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Centuries and millennia|Centuries and millennia]]
| no
|
|-
!scope="row"| [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Abbreviations for long periods of time|Abbreviations for long periods of time]]
| no
|
|}

====Date range, multiple sources in same year====
If dates are used, the year range is 100 to present without era indication (AD, BC, CE, BCE). In the case where the same author has written more than one work in the same year, a lower-case letter may be appended to the year in the date parameter ({{xt|{{!}}date&#61;July 4, 1997b}}) or the year parameter ({{xt|{{!}}year&#61;1997b}}).

====Auto-formatting citation template dates====
{{use dmy dates|date={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}|cs1-dates=y}}
[[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]] and [[Help:Citation Style 2|2]] templates automatically render dates ({{para|date}}, {{para|access-date}}, {{para|archive-date}}, etc.) in the style specified by the article's {{tlx|use dmy dates}} or {{tlx|use mdy dates}} template. Editors may also choose how CS1/CS2 templates render dates by the use of {{para|cs1-dates|&lt;{{var|keyword}}>}} in the article's {{tld|use xxx dates}} template.<section begin="auto_date_format_table" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Acceptable <code>{{pipe}}cs1-dates=</code> keywords
!scope="col"| Keyword
!scope="col"| Definition
|-
!scope="row"| <code>l</code>
|rowspan="2"| long-form publication and access- / archive-dates;<br />this is the default case when {{para|cs1-dates|plain=yes}} is omitted or empty
|-
!scope="row"| <code>ll</code>
|-
!scope="row"| <code>ls</code>
| long-form publication dates; abbreviated access- / archive-dates
|-
!scope="row"| <code>ly</code>
| long-form publication dates; year-initial numeric access- / archive-dates (ymd)
|-
!scope="row"| <code>s</code>
|rowspan="2"| abbreviated publication and access- / archive-dates
|-
!scope="row"| <code>ss</code>
|-
!scope="row"| <code>sy</code>
| abbreviated publication dates; year-initial numeric access- / archive-dates (ymd)
|-
!scope="row"| <code>y</code>
|rowspan="2"| year-initial numeric publication, access- and archive-dates (ymd);<br />cs1|2 cannot reformat Month YYYY, Season YYYY, date-ranges of any form, or [[Julian calendar]] dates into ymd format
|-
!scope="row"| <code>yy</code>
|}<section end="auto_date_format_table" />
Example: to have the CS1/CS2 templates in an article render their publication dates in the long form (fully spelled-out month names) with access-/archive-dates rendered in short form (abbreviated month names), write:
:{{tlx|use dmy dates|date{{=}}{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}|cs1-dates{{=}}ls}}

This documentation page has <code><nowiki>{</nowiki>{use dmy dates|date={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}|cs1-dates=y}}</code> at the top of this section so this cs1 template will render with ymd dates:
:<code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>cite web |title=Example Webpage |url=//example.com |website=Example |date=31 October 2017 |access-date=Dec 5, 2017}}</code>
::{{cite web |title=Example Webpage |url=//example.com |website=Example |date=31 October 2017 |access-date=Dec 5, 2017}}

This global setting may be overridden in individual CS1/CS2 templates by use of {{para|df}}; abbreviated date forms are not supported by {{para|df}}.

{{lang|la|Nota bene}}: CS1/CS2 auto-date formatting does not apply when previewing an article section that does not contain a {{tld|use xxx dates}} template.

===Titles and chapters===
* '''title''': The title of the cited source. Titles are displayed in italics, except for short works such as a {{txl|cite press release}} and cited articles in {{tlx|cite news}}, {{tlx|cite journal}}, {{tlx|cite magazine}}, {{tlx|cite web}}, {{tlx|cite conference}}, and {{tlx|cite podcast}}, where the title is shown in quotation marks. Use title case unless the cited source covers a scientific, legal or other technical topic and sentence case is the predominant style in journals on that topic. Use either [[MOS:CT|title case]] or sentence case consistently throughout the article. Do not omit a leading "The" from the title. Subtitles are typically separated from titles with ": " though " – " is also used. [[MOS:TM|As with trademarks]], Wikipedia {{em|does not}} attempt to emulate any stylistic flourishes used by the cited source's publisher, such as ALL-CAPS, all-lower-case, {{sm|Small Caps}}, etc.; use either standard title case or sentence case consistently. If the cited source is itself notable and has a Wikipedia article, the title can be wikilinked. Wikilinking the title will make it impossible to use the "url" parameter to link to an external copy of the cited source, so only do this when citing works that do not need to be externally linked. A link to the actual source is preferred to a link to a Wikipedia article about the source.
* '''script-title''': Languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet, Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc., should not be italicized and may also read [[right-to-left]] (RTL).  To include titles in these languages, use '''script-title'''. Titles in '''script-title''' are wrapped in special HTML markup to isolate RTL script from adjacent left-to-right text.  Part of that special markup is a language attribute that browsers can use to assist in the proper display of the script.  Editors must add a prefix to the script that will identify the language.  The prefix is one of the [[Help:Citation_Style_1#&#124;script-&lt;param>&#x3D; language codes|supported language codes]] followed by a colon: {{para|script-title|ar:<bdi>العربية</bdi>}}.  Unrecognized codes are ignored and will display in the rendered citation.
* '''trans-title''': If the cited source is in a foreign language, an English translation of the title can be given here. This field will be displayed in square brackets after the title and will be linked to {{para|url}} if used.
* '''chapter''': The title of the cited chapter from the source, written in full. Displayed in quotes before the title. For websites arranged in sections the "at" parameter serves a similar function: {{para|at|Featured News}}
* '''script-chapter''': Languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet, Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc., may possibly read [[right-to-left]] (RTL). To include chapter titles in these languages, use '''script-chapter'''. Chapter titles in '''script-chapter''' are wrapped in special HTML markup to isolate RTL script from adjacent left-to-right text.  Part of that special markup is a language attribute that browsers can use to assist in the proper display of the script.  Editors must add a prefix to the script that will identify the language.  The prefix is one of the [[Help:Citation_Style_1#&#124;script-&lt;param>&#x3D; language codes|supported language codes]] followed by a colon: {{para|script-chapter|ar:<bdi>العربية</bdi>}}.  Unrecognized codes are ignored and will display in the rendered citation. This field will be displayed following the transliterated title.
* '''trans-chapter''': If the cited source is in a foreign language, an English translation of the cited chapter title can be given here. This field will be displayed in square brackets within the quotation marks which enclose the chapter field.

Titles containing certain characters will both display and link incorrectly unless those characters are replaced or encoded like this:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!scope="col"| Character
!scope="col"| Must be replaced with
|-
!scope="row"| newline
| space
|-
!scope="row"| [
| &amp;#91;
|-
!scope="row"| ]
| &amp;#93;
|-
!scope="row"| <nowiki>|</nowiki>
| &amp;#124;
|}

====|script-&lt;<var>param</var>>= language codes====
Language codes known to cs1|2 for languages that do not use a Latin script are:
{{#invoke:Cs1 documentation support|script_lang_lister}}<!-- makes a language code: name list from the master list in [[Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration]] -->

===Type===
* '''type''': Specifies the type of work cited. Appears in parentheses immediately after the title. Some templates use a default that can be overridden; example: {{tl|cite press release}} will show "(Press release)" by default. Other useful values are: Review, Systemic review, Report, Abstract, Meta-analysis, Original article, Oral history<!-- supported as "Oral History" by Dublin Core/Zotero -->, Email<!-- supported by Dublin Core/Zotero -->, Website<!-- supported by Dublin Core/Zotero -->, Text<!-- supported by Dublin Core/Zotero -->, Document<!-- supported by Dublin Core/Zotero -->.  Alias: '''medium''', in {{tl|cite AV media}}, where typical values are: Motion picture, Moving image<!-- supported as "Moving Image" by Dublin Core/Zotero -->, Television production, Videotape, DVD, Blu-ray, Trailer, CD, Radio broadcast, Podcast, Sound<!-- supported by Dublin Core/Zotero -->.

===Language===
{{csdoc|language}}

===Work and publisher===
{{see|WP:CITEHOW}}
* '''work''': Used by some templates such as {{tl|cite web}} (where it is aliased to '''website'''), {{tl|cite news}} (aliased to '''newspaper'''), {{tl|cite magazine}} (aliased to '''magazine'''), {{tl|cite journal}} (aliased to '''journal'''), and others where the citation is usually to a specific item (given in the "title" parameter) found in a larger work (this "work" parameter), most commonly an article in a website or print periodical, or an episode in a TV series. {{em|Do not confuse this with the "publisher" parameter}}, which is for the publishing company. If the work is notable and has an article in Wikipedia, it should be wiki-linked at first appearance in citations in the article. If the "title" is already linked-to externally, do not externally link to the "work". If the work title as given by the site/publication would be exactly or substantially the same as the name of the publisher, do not use the "publisher" parameter (see below for more detail).
:On websites, in most cases "work" is the name of the website (as usually given in the logo/banner area of the site, and/or appearing in the {{tag|title|o}} of the homepage, which may appear as the page title in your browser tab, depending on browser). Do not append ".com" or the like if the site's actual title does not include it (thus {{para|work|<nowiki>[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]]</nowiki>}}, not <code>Salon.com</code>). If no clear title can be identified, or the title explicitly is the domain name, then use the site's domain name. Do not falsify the work's name by adding descriptive verbiage like "Website of [Publisher]" or "[Publisher]'s Homepage". Capitalize for reading clarity, and omit "www.", e.g. convert "www.veterinaryresourcesuk.com" to "VeterinaryResourcesUK.com".
:Many journals use highly abbreviated titles when citing other journals (e.g. ''J Am Vet Med'' for ''[[Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association]]'') because specialists in the field the journal covers usually already know what these abbreviations mean. Our readers usually do not, so these abbreviations should always be expanded.
:If the titled item being cited is part of some other larger work, as in a book in a series, a special issue of a periodical, or a sub-site at a domain (e.g., you are citing the law school's section of a university's website system), it is usually better to use the name of that more specific work than just that of the entire larger work. Various citation templates provide separate fields for such information, e.g. {{para|chapter}}{{para|title}}{{para|volume}}{{para|series}} in {{tlx|Cite book}}. If the nature of the work and its relation to the site, book, or other context in which it is found is complicated or confusing, simply explain the situation after the citation template and before the {{xtag|ref|c}} that closes the citation.
* '''publisher''': the name of the organization that actually published the source. The field should not include the corporate designation such as "Ltd" or "Inc.", unless some ambiguity would result or the organization is usually known with that designation even in everyday use (e.g. [[Apple Inc.]], which otherwise might be confused with [[Apple Records]] and other publishers). "Publisher", "Publishing" and "Publications" can be abbreviated "Pubr.", "Pubg." and "Pubs." respectively, but some templates in this series include a period (full-stop) immediately after this parameter, so the period may have to be omitted; check the output if you abbreviate here. They are usually safe to omit, but are usefully included where the publisher's name might be confusing without it. This is most often the case when the publisher's name is something like "Joshua Martin Publications", which without the designation might be mistaken for a co-author/editor. A leading "The" can generally be omitted, again unless confusion might result (e.g., for [[The International Cat Association]], "The" is part of their official acronym, TICA). If the publisher is notable and has an article independent of the "work", the "publisher" parameter can include a wiki-link to that article, but should never externally link to the publisher's website. Whether the publisher needs to be included depends to an extent on the type of work and sometimes on its recognizability. [[WP:Citing sources]], and most off-Wikipedia citation guides, suggest that it should be used for books (even famous ones), but not necessarily other works. The "publisher" parameter should not be included for widely-known mainstream news sources, for major academic journals, or where it would be the same or mostly the same as the work. For example, the "publisher" parameter should be omitted in these examples:
*:{{para|work|<nowiki>[[Amazon.com]]</nowiki>}}{{para|publisher|Amazon Inc.|!mxt=y}}
*:{{para|newspaper|The Aberdeen Times}}{{para|publisher|The Aberdeen Times|!mxt=y}}<!--A genuine Idaho newspaper: http://www.smalltownpapers.com/newspapers/newspaper.php?id=1 -->
*:{{para|newspaper|<nowiki>[[The New York Times]]</nowiki>}}{{para|publisher|The New York Times Company|!mxt=y}}
*:{{para|newspaper|<nowiki>[[USA Today]]</nowiki>}}{{para|publisher|<nowiki>[[Gannett Company]]</nowiki>|!mxt=y}}
*:{{para|journal|<nowiki>[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]</nowiki>}}{{para|publisher|<nowiki>[[Nature Research]]</nowiki>|!mxt=y}}
:If the work is self-published, [[WP:SELFPUB|this is a very important fact]] about [[WP:RS|potential reliability of the source]], and needs to be specified; no consensus exists for the exact value of {{para|publisher}} in such a case, but some printed style guides suggest "author", while many Wikipedia editors have used "self-published" for increased clarity. When an exhaustive attempt to discover the name of the publisher (try [[whois]] for websites, and [[WorldCat]] for books, etc.) fails, use {{para|publisher|<nowiki><!--Unspecified by source.--></nowiki>}} to explicitly indicate that this was checked, so other editors do not waste time duplicating your fruitless efforts. Do not guess at the publisher when this information is not clear. See next entry for co-published works and how to specify multiple publishers and their locations.
* '''location''' (alias {{para|publication-place}}): Geographical place of publication ({{em|not}} where you found your copy, nor location of material in the source). This is usually {{var|City, Country}}, or {{var|City, US State}}. The city name by itself can be used for world-recognized cities like New York, London (except in articles about [[London, Ontario|Canadian]] topics), Paris, Tokyo. Simply having a unique name does not mean it is globally recognizable; e.g., many people do not know where [[Mumbai]] is, especially if they are old enough that it was called [[Bombay]] for much of their lives. If in doubt, be more not less specific, since "Toronto, Canada" and "San Francisco, California" do not actually hurt anything. Be more specific when a {{var|City, Country}} would be ambiguous, e.g. {{para|location|Hanley, Staffordshire, UK}}, versus {{para|location|Hanley, Worcestershire, UK}}. Do not use sub-national postal abbreviations ("DE", "Wilts", etc.), per [[MOS:POSTABBR]]. The location parameter should be omitted when it is implied by the name of the work, e.g. ''The Sydney Morning Herald''. The location parameter should be used when the location is part of a common appellation of but not the actual title of a periodical. For example, the newspaper sometimes called the ''New York Daily News'' is actually [[Daily News (New York)|''Daily News'']] and can be entered with {{para|newspaper|Daily News}} {{para|location|New York}}, which yields: ''Daily News''. New York.  A similar example is ''[[The Times]]'' of London (contrast ''[[The New York Times]]''). Per [[WP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT]], provide the location of the edition you are using (e.g., if a publisher has operations in both New York and London and you have the London-published edition, use {{para|location|London}}, even if the publisher's corporate HQ is in New York). If your edition specifically gives multiple locations, this can be indicated with, e.g., {{para|location|New York / London}}. This same technique can be used for co-published works, e.g.: {{para|location|Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois / Los Angeles}}{{para|publisher|<nowiki>[[Council of Science Editors]]</nowiki> / <nowiki>[[Loyola Marymount University]]</nowiki> Press}}; just get them in corresponding order in both parameters. The templates do {{em|not}} have separate {{para|location1|!mxt=y}}, {{para|publisher1|!mxt=y}}, etc., parameters.  For historical publications that are still worth citing and still findable (e.g. via book digitizers – see the "via" parameter below), do not confuse the {{em|printer}} (printing press owner-operator) with the {{em|publisher}} (organization or person that sponsored the work); an edition may have a printer's name in larger type than the publisher, but for citation purposes we care about the publisher. If the distinction cannot be determined for certain in a particular case, list both. While some off-site publishers lean toward omitting publishing locations, they can serve more than purely bibliographical purposes on Wikipedia (e.g. an overabundance of material published in one place in an article about another place may reveal an editorial bias).
* '''publication-date''': Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. Displays only if date or year are defined and only if different, else publication-date is used and displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. Follows publisher; if work is not defined, then publication-date is preceded by "published" and enclosed in parenthesis.
* '''via''' (optional): Name of the content deliverer (when they are {{em|not}} the publisher). "via" is not a replacement for "publisher", but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer presents the source in a format other than the original, or when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, or as suggested in [[WP:The Wikipedia Library]], e.g. [[WP:Credo accounts/Citations]].  See also {{section link||Registration or subscription required}}. Typical uses of this parameter are identification of a book-scanning and -databasing project such as those provided by the [[Internet Archive]], [[Project Gutenberg]], and [[Google Books]]; journal indexing and search services through which we commonly find academic articles, e.g. [[PubMed Central]], [[Paperity]], and [[JSTOR]]; and other aggregators or indexers of previously-published content, such as [[Dictionary.com]]. Use via only when a standard identifier cannot be used (see {{section link||Identifiers}}). Example: <code><nowiki>{{Cite dictionary |entry=skeptic |entry-url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/skeptic?s=t#collins-section |title=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |edition=Complete & Unabridged Digital |date=2012 |location=London |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |via=[[Dictionary.com]] |access-date=</nowiki>{{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>

===Pages===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em;"
|+CS1/CS2 template support for<br /><code>{{pipe}}volume=</code>, <code>{{pipe}}issue=</code>, <code>{{pipe}}page(s)=</code>
|-
!scope="col"| Template
!scope="col"| {{pipe}}volume=
!scope="col"| {{pipe}}issue=
!scope="col"| {{pipe}}page(s)=
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|citation}}
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite arXiv}}
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite AV media}}
| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite AV media notes}}
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite bioRxiv}}
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite book}}
| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite citeseerx}}
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{plainlist|
*{{tlx|cite conference}}
*(as a book)}}
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{plainlist|
*{{tlx|cite conference}}
*(as a journal)}}
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite encyclopedia}}
| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite episode}}
| {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite interview}}
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite journal}}
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite magazine}}
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite mailing list}}
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{plainlist|
*{{tlx|cite map}}
*(as book)}}
| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{plainlist|
*{{tlx|cite map}}
*(as journal or magazine)}}
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite news}}
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite newsgroup}}
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite podcast}}
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite press release}}
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite report}}
| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite serial}}
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite sign}}
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite speech}}
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite ssrn}}
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite techreport}}
| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite thesis}}
| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{tlx|cite web}}
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|}
An editor may use any <u>one</u> of the following parameters in a given citation to refer to the specific page(s) or place in a cited source that contains the information that supports the article text. If more than one of the following parameters are used in the same citation, the error message <span style="color:red">Extra <code>|pages=</code> or <code>|at=</code> (</span>[[Help:CS1 errors#extra pages|help]]<span style="color:red">)</span> will display in the published citation. When more than one of the following parameters is used in error, {{para|page}} overrides both {{para|pages}} and {{para|at}}; {{para|pages}} overrides {{para|at}}. To resolve the error, remove extra parameters of this type until only one remains in the affected citation.
* '''page''': page in the cited source containing the information that supports the article text, for example {{para|page|52}}.
**{{anchor|pagehyphen}}'''Note:''' For a hyphenated page, use {{para|page|<nowiki>12{{hyphen}}34</nowiki>}}. This will not only properly display a hyphen, but also reduce the likelihood that an editor/bot will convert this to {{para|pages|<nowiki>12{{endash}}34</nowiki>}} by mistake.
* {{anchor|csdoc_pages<!-- for as long as we don't pull "pages" from csdoc, we can use this anchor here so that [[Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup]] can link to an anchor "csdoc_pages" -->}}'''pages''': pages in the cited source containing the information that supports the article text. Separate page ranges with an [[En dash#En dash|en dash]]: – , for example {{para|pages|236–239}}. Separate non-sequential pages either with commas or semicolons, for example {{para|pages|157, 159}}. The form {{para|pages|461, 466–467}} is used when you are citing both non-contiguous and sequential pages. For page numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the page number in [[#Accept-this-as-written markup|accept-this-as-written markup]] to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators, e.g. {{para|pages|<nowiki>((1,234{{endash}}1,235))</nowiki>}}. For multiple hyphenated pages, use the [[Help:Citation Style 1#Accept-this-as-written markup|accept-this-as-written markup]] to avoid the hyphens being converted to dashes, e.g. {{para|pages|<nowiki>((1{{hyphen}}2)), ((3{{hyphen}}4))</nowiki>}}.
**'''Note:''' CS1 citations do not record the total number of pages in a cited source; do not use this parameter for that purpose.
* '''at''': place in the cited source containing the information that supports the article text when a page number is not given, is inappropriate or is insufficient. Common examples include column or col., paragraph or para. and section or sec. Depending on the source being cited, other indicators may be appropriate to use with the {{para|at}} parameter including, but not limited to, track, hours, minutes and seconds, act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, etc. Examples include {{para|at|Column 2}} or {{para|at|Paragraph 5}} or {{para|at|Back cover}} or {{para|at|Act III, Scene 2}}.

If the same source is reused with different pages, separate citations must be created. A way around this problem is to use a short citation {{tlx|sfn}}, or {{tlx|rp}} to provide linked page number citations.

===Edition identifiers===
* '''edition''': Identifies the particular edition of a cited source when the source has more than one edition, such as "2nd", "Revised", etc. Note that this parameter automatically displays " ed." after your entry. For example, {{para|edition|Revised third}} displays as: Revised third ed. The edition parameter can be omitted if there is no content difference between two editions of the same work; e.g. if a book was identically published in the UK and the US except, for example, ISBN number and cover art, it is not necessary to indicate either "UK" or "US" edition; or if citing minute:seconds of a film available in both a regular edition and a "Special Limited Collector's Edition", if the running time and cut are the same, it is not necessary to cite the particular edition.
* '''series''': When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal where the issue numbering has restarted. For journal series, {{para|series}} should be limited to {{code|Original/New Series}}, {{code|First/Second/Third/... Series}}, or similar.{{refn|name="c17_14.126"|group="Note"|"Some numbered series have gone on so long that, as with certain long-lived journals, numbering has started over again, preceded by n.s. (new series), 2nd ser. (second series), or some similar notation, usually enclosed in commas. (A change of publisher may also be the occasion for a change in series designation.) Books in the old series may be identified by o.s., 1st ser., or whatever complements the notation for the new series."<ref>{{cite book |author=University of Chicago |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |edition=17th |year= 2017 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=14.126|location=Chicago |language= |isbn=978-0226104201}}</ref>
<p>For instance the journal ''[[Physical Review]]'', was numbered volumes 1–35 from 1893–1912 (the first series). In 1913–1969, the volume numbering restarted at 1 and went up to 188 (the second series). In 1970, ''Physical Review'' split into different parts, ''Physical Review A'', ''Physical Review B'', ''Physical Review C'', and ''Physical Review D'', where volumes again restarted at 1 (the third series). Since there are two publications identified as ''Physical Review, Volume 1'', there is a need to distinguish which is which by use of {{para|series|First Series}} or {{para|series|Second Series}}. While ''Physical Review A'' is in the third series of the ''Physical Review'' [[media franchise]], it is the first series of the publication known as ''Physical Review A''. Since there is no confusion about what ''Physical Review A, Volume 1'' could be referring to, there is no need to clarify to which numbering series the journal belong.</p>
<p>In particular, note that the {{para|series}} parameter is not to be used to distinguish the different parts of a [[media franchises]], like ''[[Physical Review A]]'', ''[[Acta Crystallographica Section A]]'', ''[[Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B]]''.</p>}}
* {{anchor|csdoc_volume<!-- for as long as we don't pull "volume" from csdoc, we can use this anchor here so that [[Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup]] can link to an anchor "csdoc_volume" -->}}'''volume''': For a source published in several volumes. This field is displayed in bold after the title and series parameters. An alternative is to include the volume information in the title parameter after the main title. Separate volume ranges with an [[En dash#En dash|en dash]]: – , for example {{para|volume|I–IV}}. Separate non-sequential volumes either with commas or semicolons, for example {{para|volume|I, III}}. The form {{para|volume|I, III–V}} is used when you are citing both non-contiguous and sequential volumes. For volume numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the volume number in [[#Accept-this-as-written markup|accept-this-as-written markup]] to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators.
* {{anchor|csdoc_issue<!-- for as long as we don't pull "journal" from csdoc, we can use this anchor here so that [[Help:Citation_Style_1#Accept-this-as-written_markup]] can link to an anchor "csdoc_issue" -->}}'''issue''': When the source is part of a series that is published periodically.  Alias: '''number'''. When the issue has a special title of its own, this may be given, in italics, along with the issue number, e.g. {{para|issue|2, <nowiki>''</nowiki>Modern Canadian Literature<nowiki>''</nowiki>}}. Please choose either {{para|issue}} or {{para|number}} depending on what nomenclature is actually used in a publication. If a publication carries both, issue and number designations (typically one being a year-relative and the other an absolute value), provide them both, for example {{para|issue|2 #143}}. Separate ranges with an [[En dash#En dash|en dash]]: – , and non-sequential numbers either with commas or semicolons. For numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the number in [[#Accept-this-as-written markup|accept-this-as-written markup]] to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators.

===External links===
* '''url''': Adds a link to the title
* '''chapter-url''': Adds a link to the chapter.
* '''format''': Format of the document at its URL (e.g., PDF, XLS, etc.). Do not specify for HTML as it is implied as the default.  Do not use this parameter for completely different purposes, with annotations such as "fee required" or "reprint"; its intent is to notify readers what the file format is (e.g. in case some browsers might have trouble with it, or some might prefer to save the link to disk rather than open it in the browser). Access restrictions can be shown using the appropriate {{para|url-access}} parameter, see [[#Registration or subscription required|Registration or subscription required]]. Other notes about reprintings, etc., should be placed after the template, and before {{tag|ref|c}}.

====Using |format= ====
When MediaWiki encounters an external link URL with a '.pdf' or '.PDF' [[filename extension|extension]], it renders the external link with a [//example.com/document.pdf PDF icon] in place of the usual [//example.com/document external-link icon].  To make rendered cs1|2 citations that link to PDF documents somewhat more accessible, cs1|2 automatically adds a parenthetical PDF annotation so that those readers using screen-reader technology can know the type of the linked file.  This is imperfect because some on-line sources redirect .pdf URLs to .html landing pages (this is common for PDF documents behind paywalls or registration barriers).  Because the parenthetical PDF annotation happens automatically, editors are not required to set {{para|format|PDF}}, though doing so causes no harm.  The {{para|format|PDF}} parameter may be deleted as part of a more substantial edit but editors should consider that many cs1|2 templates are copied from en.Wikipedia to other-language Wikipedias when articles here are translated to that other language.  Do not assume that other-language Wikipedias use up-to-date cs1|2 templates; many do not so removing {{para|format|PDF}} here can affect readers/translators at other Wikipedias.

====Online sources====
{{main|Wikipedia:External links|Wikipedia:Citing sources}}

Links to sources are regarded as conveniences and are not required, except when citing Web-only sources. There are many digital libraries with works that may be used as sources.
* Links should be to full versions of the source.
* Online sources that require payment or subscription may be included per [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]].

Do not link to:
* Sites that do not have permission to republish the work or which otherwise violate copyright.
* Commercial sites such as Amazon, unless no alternative exists.
* Reviews of the work.
* Very short extracts such as Google Books snippet view where there is not enough context to verify the content, unless the entire work is also freely available there. (See [[WP:BOOKLINKS]])

====Link formats====
Links should be kept as simple as possible. For example, when performing a search for a Google Book, the link for ''Monty Python and Philosophy'' would look like:
: https://books.google.com/books?id=NPDgD546-doC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false

But can be trimmed to:
: https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false
or:
: https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC&printsec=frontcover
or:
: https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC (if Google Books does not provide the cover page).

====Pages====
A direct link to a specific page may be used if supported by the host. For example, the link to page 172 of ''Monty Python and Philosophy'' on Google Books:
: https://books.google.com/?id=NPDgD546-doC&pg=PA172
like so:
: <code><nowiki>|page=[https://books.google.com/?id=wPQelKFNA5MC&pg=PA172 172]</nowiki></code>

====Special characters====
{{MediaWiki URL rules}}

====Access date====
* '''access-date''': The full date when the content pointed to by '''url''' was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires '''url'''; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the article's citations.  It is ''not required for linked documents that do not change.'' For example, '''access-date''' is not required for links to copies of published research papers accessed via DOI or a published book, but should be used for links to news articles on commercial websites (these can change from time to time, even if they are also published in a physical medium). Note that '''access-date''' is the date that the URL was checked to not just be working, but to support the assertion being cited (which the current version of the page may not do). Can be [[Help:Citation Style 1/accessdate|hidden or styled]] by registered editors. Alias: '''accessdate'''.

===Web archives===
{{see|Wikipedia:Link rot}}
* '''archive-url'''. Alias: '''archiveurl'''.
* '''archive-date'''. Alias: '''archivedate'''.
The original link may become unavailable. When an archived version is located, the original URL is retained and {{para|archive-url}} is added with a link to an archived copy of a web page, usually from services like WebCite and the Internet Archive. {{para|archive-date}} must be added to show the date the page was archived, not the date the link was added. When {{para|archive-url}} is used, {{para|url}} and {{para|archive-date}} are required, else an error will show. When an archived link is used, the citation displays with the title linked to the archive and the original link at the end: {{cite book |title=Monty Python and Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPQelKFNA5MC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501102912/http://books.google.com/books?id=wPQelKFNA5MC |archive-date=May 1, 2013}}
* '''url-status''': To change the order with the title retaining the original link and the archive linked at the end, set {{para|url-status|live}}:

:{{cite book|title=Monty Python and Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPQelKFNA5MC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501102912/http://books.google.com/books?id=wPQelKFNA5MC |archive-date=May 1, 2013 |url-status=live}}

When the original URL has been usurped for the purposes of spam, advertising, or is otherwise unsuitable, setting {{para|url-status|unfit}} or {{para|url-status|usurped}} suppresses display of the original URL (but {{para|url}} and {{para|archive-url}} are still required).

===Identifiers===
{{csdoc|id2}}

A custom identifier can be specified through
{{csdoc|id1}}

===Registration or subscription required===
{{csdoc|registration}}

===Quote===
{{csdoc|quote}}

===Anchors===
The module creates HTML IDs by default suitable for use with [[WP:CITESHORT|shortened footnotes]] using the [[Template:Harvard citation documentation|Harv- and sfn-family templates]]. These styles use in-text cites with a link that will jump to the ID created by the CS1 template. The ID is created from up to four author last names and the year, of the format <code>CITEREF''lastname(s)year''</code>.

'''{{para|ref|<var>ID</var>}}''': Creates a custom ID equivalent to the value <var>ID</var>. This is useful where the author and/or date is unknown. The {{tlx|harvid}} template may be used here to create an ID for the Harv- and sfn-family templates.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Examples of anchors
|-
!scope="col"| Kind
!scope="col"| Wikitext
!scope="col"| ID created
!scope="col"| Targetable by
|-
!scope="row"| Default, one name
| <code><nowiki>{{cite book |first=Gary L. |last=Hardcastle |title=Monty Python and Philosophy |date=2006}}</nowiki></code>
| <code>CITEREFHardcastle2006</code>
| {{tlx|harv|Hardcastle|2006|4=pp=12-34}}
|-
!scope="row"| Default, two names
| <code><nowiki>{{cite book |first=Gary L. |last=Hardcastle |first2=George A. |last2=Reisch |title=Monty Python and Philosophy |date=2006}}</nowiki></code>
| <code>CITEREFHardcastleReisch2006</code>
| {{tlx|harv|Hardcastle|Reisch|2006|5=pp=12-34}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{para|ref}} using {{tl|harvid}}
| <code><nowiki>|ref={{harvid|Monty Python and Philosophy|2006}}</nowiki></code>
| <code>{{harvid|Monty Python and Philosophy|2006}}</code>
| {{tlx|harv|Monty Python and Philosophy|2006|4=pp=12-34}}
|}

===Display options===
These features are not often used, but can customize the display for use with other styles.
{{csdoc|display|lua=yes}}

====et al.====
et al. is the abbreviation of the Latin {{lang|la|et alii}} ('and others'). It is used to complete a list of authors of a published work, where the complete list is considered overly long. The abbreviation is widely used in English, thus it is not italicized per [[MOS:FOREIGN]].

===Accept-this-as-written markup===
There are occasions where [[Module:Citation/CS1]] emits error or maintenance messages because of, or makes changes to, the values assigned to a select set of parameters. Special markup can be used to enforce that a value will nonetheless be accepted as written. The markup for this is <code>((&lt;{{var|value}}>))</code>, i.e., wrap the entire parameter value in two sets of parentheses. Parameters that support this markup are:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Parameters that support accept-this-as-written markup
!scope="col"| Parameter
!scope="col"| Notes
|-
!scope="row"| {{para|author{{var|n}}}}
|rowspan="6"| The various {{var|name}} parameters (including their enumerated variants) are checked for extra comma and semicolon separator characters which may indicate that the parameter is holding more than one name. If so, the list of names should be split up over multiple {{var|n}}-enumerated parameters. Corporate names, however, are sometimes comma-separated lists of names as well and so are erroneously flagged as a multiple-name error; markup can be used to indicate this.<br /><br />Legitimate names may be caught by the [[Help:CS1_errors#generic_name|generic-name test]].  This markup can prevent legitimate names from being flagged as generic.
|-
!scope="row"| {{para|contributor{{var|n}}}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{para|editor{{var|n}}}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{para|interviewer{{var|n}}}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{para|subject{{var|n}}}}
|-
!scope="row"| {{para|translator{{var|n}}}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[#csdoc_doi|{{para|doi}}]]
|rowspan="5"| Identifiers are checked for validity to the extent possible. In rare cases, identifiers actually used in published works deviate from the checked standard format but are nonetheless valid. If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier instead of overriding the error message.
|-
!scope="row"| [[#csdoc issue|{{para|eissn}}]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[#csdoc issue|{{para|isbn}}]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[#csdoc_issn|{{para|issn}}]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[#csdoc_sbn|{{para|sbn}}]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[#csdoc_issue|{{para|issue}}]]
|rowspan="2"|Spaces are inserted between commas and succeeding characters in comma-separated lists of issues, a hyphen is converted to an ndash in issue ranges, etc. A hyphenated issue number and an issue range cannot be distinguished, nor can a four-or-more-digit number with a thousands-separator from a comma-separated list of two or more issues. Markup can be applied to the entry as a whole or to individual list entries.
|-
!scope="row"| [[#csdoc_issue|{{para|number}}]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[#csdoc_volume|{{para|volume}}]]
| Spaces are inserted between commas and succeeding characters in comma-separated lists of volumes, a hyphen is converted to an ndash in volume ranges, etc. A hyphenated volume and an volume range cannot be distinguished, nor can a four-or-more-digit volume with a thousands-separator from a comma-separated list of two or more volumes. Markup can be applied to the entry as a whole or to individual list entries.
|-
!scope="row"| [[#csdoc_pages|{{para|pages}}]]
|rowspan="3"| Spaces are inserted between commas and succeeding characters in comma-separated lists of pages, a hyphen is converted to an ndash in page ranges, etc. A hyphenated page number and a page range cannot be distinguished, nor can a four-or-more-digit number with a thousands-separator from a comma-separated list of two or more pages. Markup can be applied to the entry as a whole or to individual list entries; does not apply to {{para|page}}, {{para|p}}, or {{para|quote-page}}. (This special markup is also supported by the plural page parameters {{para|pages}}, {{para|pp}} and {{para|quote-pages}} (as well as other aliases) of the {{tl|r}}, {{tl|rp}} and {{tl|ran}} citation templates. The family of {{tl|sfn}}- and {{tl|harv}}-style templates supports it as well in conjunction with {{para|pages}} and {{para|pp}}.)
|-
!scope="row"| [[#csdoc_pages|{{para|pp}}]]
|-
!scope="row"| [[#Quote|{{para|quote-pages}}]]
|-
!scope="row"| {{para|title}}
| Trailing dots are normally removed from the value assigned to {{para|title}} as being redundant. There are cases where trailing dots are not redundant but are part of the title proper so should be retained. <!-- At present, the following applies only to {{cite journal}}: -->The parameter may also accept a number of special keywords (<code>none</code>, etc.<!-- don't document "off" for now as it may change again with the next update -->) taking precedence over free text input to specify a title; if a value also matching a keyword is meant as actual title text, markup can be used to indicate this.
|-
!scope="row"| {{para|title-link}}
| <!-- At present, the following applies only to {{cite journal}}: -->The parameter may also accept a number of special keywords (<code>none</code>, <code>doi</code>, <code>pmc</code>) taking precedence over free text input to specify a link target; if a value also matching a keyword is meant as actual link target, markup can be used to indicate this.
|-
!scope="row"| [[#Authors|{{para|vauthors}}]]
|rowspan="2"| Markup to suppress error messages and automatic Vancouver reformatting of allowed corporate names.
|-
!scope="row"| [[#Editors|{{para|veditors}}]]
|}

==Printing==
When viewing the page, CS1 templates render the URL to the title to create a link; when printing, the URL is printed. [[Help:External link icons|External link icons]] are not printed.

==Elements not included==
Not all factually accurate pieces of information about a source are used in a Citation Style 1 citation. Examples of information not included:
* The total number of pages in a cited source
* The name of the library that provided access to an electronic copy of a cited source
* The name of the library that owns a physical copy of a cited work
* The library record and/or shelf location of a physical copy of a cited work

==Tools==
{{main|Help:Citation tools}}
CS1 templates may be inserted manually or by use of tools:
* [[Wikipedia:TWL/Citoid|Citoid]], a tool built into [[WP:Visual Editor|Visual Editor]] that attempts to build a full citation based on a URL. See [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide#Using Citoid|user guide]].
* [[Wikipedia:RefToolbar|RefToolbar]] is part of the editing tool bar. Version 2.0 does not yet support all templates supported by version 1.0.
* [[User:ProveIt GT|ProveIt]] provides a graphical interface for editing, adding, and citing references. It may be enabled per the documentation.
* [https://alyw234237.github.io/wiki-doi-gbooks-citation-maker/ Wikipedia DOI and Google Books Citation Maker]
* [https://tools.wmflabs.org/dispenser/view/Reflinks Reflinks] Adds references to templates while updating/filling-in title/dates/publisher/accessdates etc.
* [https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/ reFill] open source version of Reflinks
* [[Zotero]] can export citations in Wikipedia-ready format.
* [http://tools.wmflabs.org/citer/ Citer] – generates shortened footnote or named reference for a given Google Books URL, ISBN, or DOI. Also supports some major news websites.

{{anchor|Error checking}}Error checking:
* [[User:Svick/HarvErrors.js]] is a script that may be enabled to display errors when using [[WP:CITESHORT|Shortened footnotes]] or [[WP:PAREN|parenthetical referencing]]. It does not warn when a long citation has been added but not a short one (using {{tl|sfn}} or {{tl|harvnb}}).
* [[User:Trappist the monk/HarvErrors.js]] is very similar, but also contains additional warnings for potential issues.

==TemplateData==
This section documents interactions between [[WP:TemplateData]] and tools which use that data to edit Wikipedia such as [[VisualEditor]] and bots. Before making changes to the TemplateData be aware of these interactions.

===[[User:InternetArchiveBot]]===
*If an argument is set to "required" the argument will be added to all templates edited by IABot. This including adding empty arguments. For example, when {{para|website}} is "required" IABot makes the following edit: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017%E2%80%9318_British_and_Irish_Cup&diff=prev&oldid=914629379].

==Common issues==
{{shortcut|Help:CS1PROBS}}
; {{para|access-date}} does not show.
: If {{para|url}} is not supplied, then {{para|access-date}} does not show; by design.
; The bare URL shows before the title.
: If the {{para|title}} field includes a newline or an invalid character then the link will be malformed; see [[#Web links|Web links]].
; The title appears in red.
: If URL is supplied, then the title cannot be wikilinked.
; The URL is not linked and shows in brackets.
: The URL must include the [[URI scheme]] in order for MediaWiki to recognize it as a link. For example: <code>www.example.org</code> vs. <code>http://www.example.org</code>.
; A field is truncated.
: A pipe (<code>|</code>) in the value will truncate it. Use {{tlx|!}} instead.
; The template markup shows.
: Double open brackets &#91;&#91; are used in a field without closing double brackets &#93;&#93;.
; The author shows in brackets with an external link icon.
: The use of an URL in {{para|author-link}} will break the link; this field is for the name of the Wikipedia article about the author, not a website.
; Multiple author or editor names are defined and one or more does not show
: The parameters must be used in sequence, i.e. if {{para|last}} or {{para|last1}} is not defined, then {{para|last2}} will not show. By design.
; {{para|page}}, {{para|pages}} or {{para|at}} do not show.
: These parameters are mutually exclusive, and only one will show; by design.

== See also ==
* [[Help:Citation Style 2]]
* [[Help:CS1 errors]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="Note"}}

{{Wikipedia referencing}}
{{Citation Style 1}}
{{Help navigation}}
[[Category:Citation Style 1 templates|*]]
[[Category:Wikipedia citation administration]]